Planets can form in the galactic center (Near a Black Hole)

Fig : In this artist's conception, a protoplanetary disk of gas and dust (red) is being shredded by the powerful gravitational tides of our galaxy's central black hole. // Credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA)
  
By Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts

  
Published: September 12, 2012
 
At first glance, the center of the Milky Way seems like a very inhospitable place to try to form a planet. Stars crowd each other as they whiz through space like cars on a rush-hour freeway. Supernova explosions blast out shock waves and bathe the region in intense radiation. Powerful gravitational forces from a supermassive black hole twist and warp the fabric of space itself.

Yet new research by astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) shows that planets still can form in this cosmic maelstrom. For proof, they point to the recent discovery of a cloud of hydrogen and helium plunging toward the galactic center. They argue that this cloud represents the shredded remains of a planet-forming disk orbiting an unseen star.

“This unfortunate star got tossed toward the central black hole. Now it’s on the ride of its life, and while it will survive the encounter, its protoplanetary disk won’t be so lucky,” said Ruth Murray-Clay of the CfA.

Last year, a team of astronomers discovered the cloud in question using the Very Large Telescope in Chile. The group speculated that it formed when gas streaming from two nearby stars collided, like windblown sand gathering into a dune.

Murray-Clay and colleague Avi Loeb propose a different explanation. Newborn stars retain a surrounding disk of gas and dust for millions of years. If one such star dived toward our galaxy’s central black hole, radiation and gravitational tides would rip apart its disk in a matter of years.

They also identify the likely source of the stray star — a ring of stars known to orbit the galactic center at a distance of about one-tenth of a light-year. Astronomers have detected dozens of young, bright O-type stars in this ring, which suggests that hundreds of fainter Sun-like stars also exist there. Interactions between the stars could fling one inward along with its accompanying disk.

Although this protoplanetary disk is being destroyed, the stars that remain in the ring can hold onto their disks. Therefore, they may form planets despite their hostile surroundings.

As the star continues its plunge over the next year, more and more of the disk’s outer material will be torn away, leaving only a dense core. The stripped gas will swirl down into the maw of the black hole. Friction will heat it to high enough temperatures that it will glow in X-rays.

“It’s fascinating to think about planets forming so close to a black hole,” said Loeb. “If our civilization inhabited such a planet, we could have tested Einstein’s theory of gravity much better, and we could have harvested clean energy from throwing our waste into the black hole.”

Dark matter near the Sun

Fig: The high-resolution simulation of the Milky Way used to test the mass-measuring technique. Image credit: Dr. A. Hobbs

By Royal Astronomical Society, United Kingdom

Published: August 9, 2012

 Astronomers have found large amounts of invisible dark matter near the Sun. Their results are consistent with the theory that the Milky Way Galaxy is surrounded by a massive “halo” of dark matter, but this is the first study of its kind to use a method rigorously tested against mock data from high-quality simulations. The scientists also have found tantalizing hints of a new dark matter component in our galaxy.

Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark matter in the 1930s. He found that clusters of galaxies were filled with a mysterious dark matter that kept them from flying apart. At nearly the same time, Jan Oort in the Netherlands discovered that the density of matter near the Sun was nearly twice what could be explained by the presence of stars and gas alone.

In the intervening decades, astronomers developed a theory of dark matter and structure formation that explains the properties of clusters and galaxies in the universe, but the amount of dark matter in the solar neighborhood has remained more mysterious. For decades after Oort’s measurement, studies found three to six times more dark matter than expected. Then last year new data and a new method claimed far less than expected. The community was left puzzled, generally believing that the observations and analyzes simply weren’t sensitive enough to perform a reliable measurement.

In this latest study, the astronomers are more confident in their measurement and its uncertainties. This is because they used a state-of-the-art simulation of our galaxy to test their mass-measuring technique before applying it to real data. This threw up a number of surprises. They found that standard techniques used over the past 20 years were biased, always tending to underestimate the amount of dark matter. They then devised a new unbiased technique that recovered the correct answer from the simulated data. Applying their technique to the positions and velocities of thousands of orange K dwarf stars near the Sun, they obtained a new measure of the local dark matter density.

“We are 99 percent confident that there is dark matter near the Sun,” said Silvia Garbari from the University of Zürich. “In fact, our favored dark matter density is a little high. There is a 10 percent chance that this is merely a statistical fluke. But with 90 percent confidence, we find more dark matter than expected. If future data confirms this high value, the implications are exciting. It could be the first evidence for a disk of dark matter in our galaxy, as recently predicted by theory and numerical simulations of galaxy formation. Or it could be that the dark matter halo of our galaxy is squashed, boosting the local dark matter density.”

Many physicists are placing their bets on dark matter being a new fundamental particle that interacts only weakly with normal matter — but strongly enough to be detected in experiments deep underground where confusing cosmic-ray events are screened by over a mile of solid rock.

An accurate measure of the local dark matter density is vital for such experiments. “If dark matter is a fundamental particle, billions of these particles will have passed through your body by the time you finish reading this article,” said George Lake from ETH Zürich. “Experimental physicists hope to capture just a few of these particles each year in experiments like XENON and CDMS currently in operation. Knowing the local properties of dark matter is the key to revealing just what kind of particle it consists of.”